素色扎姆天牛的检疫鉴定

素色扎姆天牛Zamium incultum Pascoe是近年来进口非洲木材检疫中截获频次较高的一种害虫。为快速、准确地鉴定这种天牛,本文利用形态学方法对近十年来截获的天牛标本进行研究,并运用DNA条码技术对鉴定结果进行了验证。结合相关资料,描述了扎姆天牛属Zamium的特征,给出了扎姆天牛属常见3个种Z.incultum、Z.bimaculatum和Z.prociduum的鉴别特征;列出了椎天牛亚科的3个常见属即扎姆天牛属、断眼天牛属和梗天牛属的检索表;讨论了素色扎姆天牛对我国的入侵风险。     

人参潜在地理分布以及气候变化对其影响预测

本文以人参为研究对象,基于人参分布点位数据和22个气候环境因子数据,运用BioMod2平台10个物种分布模型对当前我国东北地区人参潜在生境分布进行预测.以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)为权重集成10个模型的模拟结果,构建组合模型,并基于该模型预测了IPCC 第五次评估报告中RCP 8.5、RCP 6.0、RCP 4.5和RCP 2.6等4种排放情景下21世纪50和70年代人参潜在分布范围.结果表明: 在基准气候条件下,人参适宜生境面积占研究区总面积的10.4%,此类地区主要分布于研究区东北部长白山地区以及小兴安岭东南部区域的森林地带.在未来不同的排放情景下研究区人参的适宜生境变化显著,总体上分布范围将有一定程度的缩小.同时参与建模的10种模型在统计学精度、预测结果以及变量权重上都有差异.模型精度计算结果表明,MAXENT模拟效果最好,GAM、RF和ANN次之,SRE模拟精度最低.本文构建的组合模型在一定程度上提高了现有物种分布模型的预测精度,从而使模拟效果更优.     

Modeling habitat distribution of Cornus officinalis with Maxent modeling and fuzzy logics in China

Aims Predicting suitable habitat distribution is an effective way to protect rare or endangered medicinal plants. Cornus officinalis is a perennial tree growing in forest edge and its air-dried pericarp is one of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) with significant medicinal values. In recent years, C. officinalis has undergone severe degeneration of its natural habitat owing to growing market demands and unprecedented damage to the forests. Moreover, the degeneration of suitable habitat has threatened the supply of medicinal materials, and even led to the extinction of some engendered medicinal plant species. In this case, there is a great risk to introduce and cultivate medicinal plants if planners determine the suitable cultivation regions based on personal subjective experience alone. Therefore, predicting suitable potential habitat distribution of medicinal plants (e.g. C. officinalis) and revealing the environmental factors determining such distribution patterns are important to habitat conservation and environmental restoration.Methods In this article, we report the results of a study on the habitat distribution of C. officinalis using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling and fuzzy logics together with loganin content and environmental variables. The localities of 106 C. officinalis in China were collected by our group and other researchers and used as occurrence data. The loganin content of 234 C. officinalis germplasm resources were tested by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and used as content data. 79 environmental variables were selected and processed with multicollinearity test by using Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) to determine a set of independent variables. The chosen variables were then processed in the fuzzy linear model according to the cell values (maximum, minimum) of localities with estimated loganin content. The SDMtoolbox was used to spatially rarefy occurrence data and prepare bias files. Furthermore, combined Maxent modeling and fuzzy logics were used to predict the suitable habitat of C. officinalis. The modeling result was validated using null-model method.Important findings As a result, six environmental factors including tmin3, prec3, bio4, alt, bio12 and bio3 were determined as key influential factors that mostly affected both the habitat suitability and active ingredient of C. officinalis. The highly suitable regions of C. officinalis mainly distribute in a 'core distribution zone' of the east-central China. The statistically significant AUC value indicated that combined Maxent modeling and fuzzy logics could be used to predict the suitable habitat distribution of medicinal plants. Furthermore, our results confirm that ecological factors played critical roles in assessing suitable geographical regions as well as active ingredient of plants, highlighting the need for effective habitat rehabilitation and resource conservation.     

低温条件下中国野生拟南芥种群中CBF3与ROS浓度的相关性

活性氧(ROS)是植物光合作用和呼吸作用的副产物, 环境胁迫可加速植物体内ROS的产生, 造成植物细胞膜的过氧化, 同时给光反应中心II带来光伤害。RFOs是植物体内的1类寡聚糖家族, 其对环境胁迫的响应很可能与清除过剩的ROS相关。前期的研究显示, 由于中国长江流域野生拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)种群中CBF3基因的变异, 种群的冰冻耐受性和体内RFOs含量的积累普遍低于Col生态型。研究表明, 长江流域种群中ROS代谢通路在低温处理后的表达与Col生态型相比发生了明显的分化, 并且植物体内ROS的浓度增高; 而将Col生态型中能正常响应环境冷信号的CBF3基因转入长江流域种群后, 转基因植株的冰冻耐受性得到显著提高, 体内RFOs积累亦增加, 而ROS浓度显著降低。这些结果说明, 低温条件下CBF3很可能通过直接调控植物体内RFOs的生物积累来参与调控下游过剩ROS的清除过程。中国长江流域野生拟南芥种群低温条件下体内ROS浓度的升高, 很可能是由于种群中CBF3基因发生了自然变异从而丧失了冷响应能力造成的。     

Cryopreservation of Bufotes viridis embryos by vitrification

Loss of biodiversity among amphibians is a current concern. Our hypothesis is that the embryos of amphibian species at risk of extinction could be cryopreserved by vitrification, using methods which have proved successful with fish oocyte. To test this hypothesis, samples of four cryoprotectants - methanol (MeOH), dimethyl sulphoxide (Me2SO), propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), some singly, some in combination, were plunged in liquid nitrogen for 5 min to find the best solution for vitrification. To find the least toxic of these solutions, blastulae and stage G17 embryos of Bufotes Viridis, a typical amphibian, were exposed to solutions at different concentrations (0.5–10 M) for different lengths of time (15–30 min), with and without their normal protective jelly coats. In each case the number of survivors, which reached stage G25 was counted. Finally a series of embryos was vitrified in liquid nitrogen using the most efficient and least toxic cryoprotectants.Propylene glycol had the best vitrification characteristics, but MeOH vitrified at higher concentrations. The optimum regime, with the least toxic ctyoprotectants, consisted of 1M Me2SO for 15 min and a combination of 15% PEG_(w/v) + 3M PG + 2M Me2SO for 3 min, with the jelly coat intact, followed by vitrification. This gave a survival percentage of 87.6% immediately after vitrification. Methods designed for cryopreservation of fish embryos make a good starting point for cryopreservation of the embryos of amphibian.     

结合AFM探测副伤寒沙门氏茵B感染红细胞膜的生物力学特性

采用原子力显微镜和衍射显微术,在纳米精确尺度探测副伤寒沙门氏菌B（Sp B）感染宿主红细胞（RBC）膜微观结构和力学特性,涉及细胞的形变、膜面内剪切模量和弯曲模量。结合这两种单分子测量技术,利用相关的数学模型表述RBC膜对菌体印B的入侵非常敏感。实验结果显示,不同感染期间的SpB寄生菌体,能够引起宿主RBC膜结构改变,形变能力降低,膜剪切模量和弯曲模量显著增加。这些力学特性的变化影响RBC的输氧和循环功能。实验结果表明,印B具有独特的鞭毛调控系统,入侵的毒性菌体寄生蛋白与血影蛋白网络中的运输蛋白有特异结合位点,导致RBC膜骨架网络、波动力学和细胞内、外基质都产生应激反应,这有可能为理解勋曰感染RBC的发病机理和寄生途径提供一些新的实验思路和分析依据。     

Brassinosteroid biosynthesis

Biosynthetic pathways of brassinolide from campesterol was demonstrated by studies using cultured Catharanthus roseus cells. Brassinolide is biosynthesized through two pathways, early C6-oxidation pathway and late C6-oxidation pathway, branching off at the conversion of campestanol. Recent characterization of brassinosteroid-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis, pea and tomato confirmed that the pathways operate in wide variety of plant species. Biochemical and molecular genetic studies of the mutants are providing important knowledge on genes and enzymes involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The established biosynthetic pathways of brassinosteroids and the regulation of biosynthesis including up-to-date findings are introduced in this review.